Tangled up in folds: tectonic significance of superimposed folding at the core of the Central Iberian curve (West Iberia)     

Daniel Pastor-Galán  Ícaro Fróis Dias da Silva  Thomas Groenewegen  Wout Krijgsman 《International Geology Review》2019,61(2):240-255

The amalgamation of Pangea during the Carboniferous produced a winding mountain belt: the Variscan orogen of West Europe. In the Iberian Peninsula, this tortuous geometry is dominated by two major structures: the Cantabrian Orocline, to the north, and the Central Iberian curve (CIC) to the south. Here, we perform a detailed structural analysis of an area within the core of the CIC. This core was intensively deformed resulting in a corrugated superimposed folding pattern. We have identified three different phases of deformation that can be linked to regional Variscan deformation phases. The main collisional event produced upright to moderately inclined cylindrical folds with an associated axial planar cleavage. These folds were subsequently folded during extensional collapse, in which a second fold system with subhorizontal axes and an intense subhorizontal cleavage formed. Finally, during the formation of the Cantabrian Orocline, a third folding event refolded the two previous fold systems. This later phase formed upright open folds with fold axis trending 100° to 130°, a crenulation cleavage and brittle–ductile transcurrent conjugated shearing. Our results show that the first and last deformation phases are close to coaxial, which does not allow the CIC to be formed as a product of vertical axis rotations, i.e. an orocline. The origin of the curvature in Central Iberia, if a single process, had to be coeval or previous to the first deformation phase.  相似文献   

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿构造演化及成矿控矿构造特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

牛树银  孙爱群  马宝军  江思宏  聂凤军  张建珍  王宝德  夏冬 《地学前缘》2015,22(1):223-237

哈达门沟金矿是内蒙古迄今最大的金矿床,具有超大型金矿床规模。金的成矿作用对岩性没有明确的选择性,而主要是受褶皱断裂构造的控制。成矿流体主要来自深源,在有利的构造扩容带中聚积成矿。研究表明,该区的构造变形从早到晚,力学性质往往从塑性到脆性,构造规模从小到大,构造类型则是褶皱与剪切带同时形成,或相间发育。该区主要经历了4个期次的强烈褶皱剪切作用,并形成了主要的成矿控矿构造。第一期构造变形时岩石的流变性较强,褶皱幅度较小,一般多表现为小规模的塑性流变褶皱,并产生了小规模韧性剪切带;第二期(主期)褶皱以乌拉山主峰为主的东西向区域规模的复式背、向斜(形),并在主期褶皱的倒转翼发育了一系列与褶皱同向延伸的脆韧性剪切带,它们构成了区域性构造薄弱带;第三期为横跨叠加褶皱,使近东西向褶皱发生了南北向蛇形弯曲,伴随该期褶皱作用形成了低绿片岩相韧脆性剪切带,为深源成矿流体的贯入与集聚成矿提供了很好的赋存空间,是主要的成矿控矿构造;第四期构造变形则以区域性隆升作用为主,使早期褶皱发生横弯褶皱的同时,还将深部形成的金矿体抬升至浅部。文中在成矿控矿构造研究的基础上,探讨了矿床成矿规律,提出了找矿远景。  相似文献   

2008年汶川Ms8.0地震北川以北段地表破裂变形的主要样式   总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李传友  魏占玉 《第四纪研究》2009,29(3):416-425

2008年5月12日发生的汶川地震是由青藏高原东部龙门山断裂的活动所导致。震后的调查表明,北川县城以北的断裂段破裂了约90km。在北川县城以北,不同地点沿地震地表破裂所展现的地表变形差异很大,可能反映了断裂附近地表特性的变化。文章主要从5个典型地点来阐述5种代表性的地表变形模式。前两个地点,在北川县城以北几公里,反映了近地表基岩中的一种变形和从基岩向松散堆积物过渡区的一种变形模式。与此两种断裂陡坎变形不同,中间的两个点则阐述了褶皱陡坎,它们反映了2008年地震中断裂断错在地表以下终止的不同情形。最后一个点位于汶川地震地表破裂的北端,可能代表了当地表破裂结束时地表变形的模式。在北川以北段地表破裂上典型地点的详细测量的基础上,通过归纳野外获得的地表变形资料,构建出汶川地震地表破裂北川以北段的基本变形模型。  相似文献   

江西早二叠世晚期—晚二叠世早期的岩相古地理   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈钟惠  葛立刚  武法东  张守良 《现代地质》1997,11(3):283

摘　要　根据地层学研究的新进展‚将原乐平组的官山段和下老山段划归茅口阶‚编制了这 一时期的沉积断面图‚并对这一时期的沉积史进行了阐述。  相似文献   

近30年青藏高原臭氧总量亏损的可能原因及其与对流层顶高度的联系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周顺武  杨双艳  张人禾  李慧  王美蓉 《高原气象》2012,31(6):1471-1478

基于总臭氧测绘光谱计TOMS和太阳向后紫外线散射仪SBUV结合得到的30年(1979-2008年)全球月平均臭氧总量资料,首先分析了近30年青藏高原(下称高原)上空臭氧总量的下降趋势,然后讨论了高原动力抬升作用对臭氧总量的影响,最后探讨了高原臭氧总量亏损与高原对流层顶高度的联系。结果表明,高原臭氧总量及其下降趋势均存在着明显的季节差异,与同纬度非高原区相比,高原地区各月的臭氧总量均偏低,特别是在3-9月臭氧亏损严重;近30年高原地区臭氧总量在各季节均呈现出下降趋势,除了秋季外,其下降幅度均超过同纬度其他地区;春、夏季高原动力抬升有利于对流层低浓度的臭氧含量向平流层输送,从而导致高原臭氧总量的减少。近30年春、夏季高原臭氧总量亏损与夏季高原第二对流层顶高度的抬升存在着密切关系。  相似文献   

Changes in the saltation flux following a step‐change in macro‐roughness          下载免费PDF全文

John A. Gillies  Vicken Etyemezian  George Nikolich  William G. Nickling  Jasper F. Kok 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(9):1871-1884

The effect of a step change in macro‐roughness on the saltation process under sediment supply limited conditions was examined in the atmospheric boundary layer. For an array of roughness elements of roughness density λ = 0.045 (λ = total element frontal area/total surface area of the array) the horizontal saltation flux was reduced by 90% (±7%) at a distance of ≈150 roughness element heights into the array. This matches the value predicted using an empirical design model and provides confidence that it can be effectively used to engineer roughness arrays to meet sand flux reduction targets. Measurements of the saltation flux characteristics in the vertical dimension, including: saltation layer decay (e‐folding) height and particle size, revealed that with increasing distance into the array, the rate of mass flux change with increasing height decreased notably, and (geometric) mean particle diameter decreased. The distribution of the saltation mass flux in the vertical remains exponential in form with increasing distance into the roughness array, and the e‐folding height increases as well as increasing at a greater rate as particle diameter diminishes. The increase in e‐folding height suggests the height of saltating particles is increasing along with their mean speed. This apparent increase in mean speed is likely due to the preferential removal, or sequestration, of the slower moving particles across the size spectrum, as they travel through the roughness array. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE PENGXIAN ACTIVE BLIND FAULT IN THE CENTRAL LONGMEN SHAN FRONT BELT          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Zhen-nan  LU Ren-qi  XU Xi-wei  HE Deng-fa  CAI Ming-gang  LI Ying-qiang  LUO Jia-hong 《地震地质》2019,41(4):944-959

The Pengxian blind fault is a typical active fault in the central Longmen Shan front belt. It has important reference value for understanding the growth mode and process of the eastern Tibetan plateau. Because the fault is covered by the thick Upper Cenozoic strata in the western Sichuan Basin, its three-dimensional spatial distribution, structural style and formation mechanism remain unclear. In this paper, based on several high-resolution 3-D seismic reflection profiles, together with near-surface geological data and borehole data, we investigate the structural geometry of the Pengxian blind fault and build a 3-D model based on the results. We analyze the shape and scale of underground spatial distribution of the fault through a three-dimensional fault model. According to the theory of fault-related fold and fold-accommodation fault, this paper discusses the forming mechanism of the Pengxian buried structures. The shallow tectonic deformation in front of Longmen Shan is closely related to the detachment layer of the Middle and Lower Triassic, and this detachment layer f1 horizontally propagates into the Longquanshan anticline in the western Sichuan Basin. The Pengxian buried fault is a typical fault-bend fold and the f1 horizontally propagates into the western Sichuan Basin with a fault slip of 3.5km. The Pengxian blind fault is a high angle(50°~60°)thrust fault developed in the front wing of the kink-band zone, striking NE-SW, with a total length of~50km; But the fault is not connected with the Dayi buried fault in the south section of Longmen Shan. They are two different faults, and this defines the scale of the Pengxian blind fault. This limitation makes sense for analyzing and evaluating the magnitudes of potential earthquake. All above study provides research basis for further analysis of the potential seismic risk in this area. The Pengxian blind fault is parallel to the anticlinal axis with small amount of offset as a fold-accommodation fault. We believe that the fault formation is related to the fold deformation of the fold front limb. The study reveals the geometry, kinematics and formation mechanism of the Pengxian active fault, and provides a basis for further analysis of fault activity and hazard. Therefore, there is little possibility of strong earthquakes at the Pengxian blind fault due to its formation mechanism of the fault which is generally characterized by fold deformation and shortening deformation. In this paper, we discuss the location of Pengxian blind fault in the middle of Longmen Shan and Sichuan Basin. Because the Pengxian buried structures are in the transition area, the shortening amount in Pengxian indicates that the absorption in the basin is quite limited. It reflects the blocking effect of Sichuan Basin. In the study, we find that the relationship between folds, faults and sediments is an important part of tectonic interpretation; the theory of fault-related fold and fold-accommodation fault is well used for analysis. This would have great significance for the study of structural deformation, which can help to build a three-dimensional model of fault.  相似文献   

利用热运动学方法恢复构造隆升过程的探索          下载免费PDF全文

吴航  邱楠生  冯乾乾  常健  姜凯  张应鳞  吴世祥 《地球物理学报》2020,63(6):2329-2344

构造隆升过程研究对矿产资源勘查及评价具有重要意义,是地质学家长期探索的关键科学问题之一.现有构造隆升过程的研究方法均具有一定的适用性和局限性,正反演方法之间难以建立定量关系.本文利用热运动学方法,通过离散元数值模拟,提取变形过程中离散单元的运动路径作为热年代学样品热史恢复的地质约束,实现了构造变形模拟和热年代学分析的定量耦合,在构造隆升研究中展现出巨大潜力.本文以川东地区多层滑脱褶皱作用作为研究对象,重点恢复了方斗山—齐岳山背斜在距今170～70 Ma内的隆升变形过程.热运动学分析表明:先存的齐岳山断裂串联了深部拆离面和浅部滑脱层,湘鄂西褶皱带在170～110 Ma开始形成;140～110 Ma间齐岳山断层由断展褶皱作用向断弯褶皱作用转化,齐岳山背斜开始发育,略早于东部的利川复向斜;约110～90 Ma,方斗山背斜发育,隔挡式褶皱带开始形成;约90～70Ma,隔挡式褶皱规模逐渐增大,利川复向斜逐渐紧闭.正演模型建立、地温梯度计算、三维建模技术和应力演化分析是制约热运动学方法发展和完善的关键性因素.  相似文献   

论横向构造置换   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

付昭仁  单文琅 《地球科学》1989,14(1):59-65

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Non-riemannian and fractal geometries of fracturing in geomaterials     

H. Nagahama 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(1):96-102

The mechanism of earthquakes is presented by use of the elastic dislocation theory. With consideration of the continuous dislocation field, the general problem of medium deformation requires analysis based on non-Riemannian geometry with the concept of the continuum with a discontinuity (no-more continuum). Here we derive the equilibrium equation (Navier equation) for the continuous dislocation field by introducing the relation between the concepts of the continuous dislocation theory and non-Riemannian geometry. This equation is a generalization of the Laplace equation, which can describe fractal processes like diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) and dielectric breakdown (1313). Moreover, the kinematic compatibility equations derived from Navier equation are the Laplace equations and the solution of Navier equation can be put in terms of functions which satisfy the biharmonic equation, suggesting a close formal connection with fractal processes. Therefore, the relationship between the non-Riemannian geometry and the fractal geometry of fracturing (damage) in geomaterials as earthquakes can be understood by using the Navier equation. Moreover, the continuous dislocation theory can be applied to the problem of the earthquake formation with active folding related with faulting (active flexural-slip folding related to the continuous dislocation field).  相似文献